Tipolyelectrolyte effect. Seemingly, the advantage of the antipolyelectrolyte effect in the case with the ternary polyampholyte over the polyelectrolyte effect of HPAM has not yet been evaluated in sand-pack flooding tests. The novelty in the existing research is that the ternary polyampholyte depending on AAm-AMPS-APTAC might have a superior oil displacement capability compared to that of HPAM in high-salinity reservoirs. As a result, the results of these preliminary experiments might encourage petroleum engineers to scale up such polyampholytes for application in field situations. Other relatively novel methods are accessible to improve the properties of viscous oils and make them extra mobile. As an example, the approach described by Zhou et al. [31] allows for the reduction in the viscosity of oil by as much as 87.32 . Polymer flooding is still a widely applied method in the recovery of heavy oils [32]. In addition, the synthesis and study of new polymers is a relevant process, as, furthermore to EOR, they may be utilised in other vital applications, such as enhancing wellbore stability [33]. two. Experimental Element 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Polymers TPA (AAm-AMPS-APTAC), the synthesis and characterization of which has already been comprehensively described by the present investigation team [30], consists of repeating monomer units consisting of 80 mol. AAm, ten mol. AMPS, and ten mol/ APTAC (Figure three).Figure three. Repeating monomeric units and composition of TPA (AAm-AMPS-APTAC).Firstly, the dry acrylamide (AAm) monomer was dissolved in distilled water while getting stirred within a beaker. Then, the liquid monomers, AMPS and APTAC, were added in equimolar concentrations for the aqueous resolution of AAm. The total concentration of your monomers within the water was equal to 50 wt. . The monomer mixtures have been purged with nitrogen more than 15 min to take away the dissolved oxygen. Afterward, the red x pair catalyst, composed of ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfite, was added to initiate radical polymerization. The polymerization procedure, accompanied by increasing viscosity, occurred over four h. The as-prepared ternary polyampholyte was made use of in oil displacement experiments without further purification.ZBP1 Protein Biological Activity The weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) and the average-number molecular weight (Mn ) of the terpolymer, as determined by gel-permeable chromatography, were equal to two.CDK5 Protein custom synthesis 9 106 and 2.PMID:24576999 1 106 Dalton, respectively. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), with a hydrolyzation degree of 30 and an typical molecular weight of 17.two 106 Dalton (Flopaam 3630 S, 98 purity, SNF), was utilized for a comparative study.Polymers 2022, 14,five of2.1.two. Sand-Pack Models Two kinds of sand packs have been utilized, the diameter and length of which have been equal to three by five cm and 4.3 by 8 cm, respectively. The grain size on the quartz sand utilized in this study ranged between 0.25 and 0.five mm. two.1.three. Core Samples Aerated concrete was utilized to prepare the core samples (Figure four), that are characterized by extremely higher porosity and permeability.Figure 4. Aerated concrete core sample.two.1.4. Brine The salinity and chemical composition with the distinctive brines that were made use of in the present function are listed in Table 1. In addition, East Moldabek reservoir brines, with salinity equal to 100 and 163 g -1 , were used for sand-pack and core flooding tests.Table 1. Chemical composition of synthetic brines. Salinity (g -1 ) 200 232 250 300 Concentration of Salts (g -1 ) NaCl 180 208.eight 225 270 CaCl2 10 11.6 12.5 15 MgCl2 10 11.6 12.52.1.five. Oil The following various typ.
