**Background** Diabetes mellitus, encompassing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Persistent…
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the clonal expansion of undifferentiated myeloid precursors, leading to impaired hematopoiesis and bone marrow failure. Despite initial responses to induction chemotherapy in many…
**Background** Hydroxysteroid 17ß-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. This enzyme plays a critical role in the metabolism of bile acids and steroid hormones, and…
Peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM) is a copper-containing enzyme essential for the amidation of neuropeptide hormones, a critical post-translational modification in neuroendocrine signaling. The catalytic mechanism begins with the conversion of a…
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating side effect of cancer treatment characterized by sensory disturbances such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities. While microglia have long been…
**Background** Adenosine, also known as adenine riboside, is a ubiquitous and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable endogenous autacoid that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. It acts as an extracellular…
**Background** Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is a critical serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which regulates essential cellular processes including growth, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation…
**Background** Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process critical for development and homeostasis, but its dysregulation is central to various pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. A key mediator…